Step Functions has built-in retry/catch: configure attempts, backoff rate, and interval per state.

Step Functions has built-in retry/catch: configure attempts, backoff rate, and interval per state. Catch specific exceptions (LLM timeout, schema failure), route to error handler. Retry transient failures (API rate limits) with exponential backoff. For logical failures: route to HITL or fallback agent. Dead-letter queue for unrecoverable failures. All transitions logged in CloudWatch.